Bioscientifica Proceedings

Next generation DNA sequencing is a high throughput method of sequencing DNA samples in parallel. During the last 10 years, this technology has expanded to include sequencing and quantification of an entire transcriptome. The advantage of this method of transcriptome analysis is that it allows the investigator to detect previously unknown genes and splice variants as well as detect potential DNA polymorphisms. Application of this technology, especially when used to perfo...

Summary. Reproductive traits can range from lowly to moderately heritable. Genomic technologies provide a powerful tool for improving selection for traits that are lowly heritable, sex-linked, or not expressed until later in life. Therefore, as genomic technologies become a part of selection decisions, there is a critical need to understand how specific gene variants affect reproductive traits in cattle. Both classical quantitative genetics approaches and geno...

Summary. The defining feature of ruminant placentation is the fusion of binucleate trophoblast cells with uterine epithelium. It was present in the last common ancestor of ruminants and the fusion process is facilitated by the products of endogenous retroviral genes called syncytins. It provides a mechanism to transfer placental hormones to maternal tissues. One of these hormones is placental lactogen, which likewise was present in the ancestral ruminant. An i...

Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) is a significant health issue that not only affects infant mortality and morbidity, but may also predispose individuals to coronary heart disease, diabetes, hypertension and stroke as adults. The majority of IUGR pregnancies in humans are characterized by asymmetric fetal growth, resulting from inadequate nutrient transfer to the fetus. Furthermore, most of these pregnancies involve functional placental insufficiency, and may also show al...

Ruminant placentae produce at least two distinct subclasses of the growth hormone/prolactin gene family, the placental lactogens and prolactin-related proteins. Placental lactogens have been purified from cattle, goat and sheep placentae, and the amino acid sequences of bovine and ovine placental lactogen are known. Bovine and ovine placental lactogens are structurally more similar to prolactin than they are to growth hormone. In addition, six unique mRNAs have been described ...

The placenta provides the means for nutrient transfer from the mother to the fetus, waste transfer from the fetus to the mother, protection of the fetus from the maternal immune system, and is an active endocrine organ. While many placental functions have been defined and investigated, assessing the function of specific genes expressed by the placenta has been problematic, since classical ablation-replacement methods are not feasible with the placenta. The pregnant sheep has b...

Abstract unavailableKeywords: gene transfer; zygotes; cattle© 1991 Journals of Reproduction & Fertility Ltd...

In vitro maturation and in vitro fertilization techniques in pigs have progressed considerably in recent years. Many reports focus on the factors affecting in vitro maturation that lead to normal male pronuclear formation or monospermy after fertilization in vitro. It is suggested that pig follicular fluid (pFF), follicle somatic cells and various hormones are important factors for the maintenance of cytoplasmic maturation of oocytes <e...

Neurophysiological mechanisms that control energy balance are reciprocally linked to those that control reproduction. Neuromorphological studies using retrograde tracing methods revealed that nerve cells within the central (CNS) and autonomic (ANS) nervous systems in different species, including the pig, are transsynaptically connected to different fat tissue depots. In the pig, neurons localised in the paraventricular nucleus, supraoptic nucleus and arcuate nucleus were...

Light microscopic semen evaluation provides useful information about a given sperm sample, but due to its subjective nature has limited prognostic value for the reproductive performance of males or the outcome of assisted fertilization. Cryptic sperm abnormalities (occurring at the molecular level) are not easily detectable by light microscopy, but can be revealed by an array of biomarkers. The latter include fluorescent markers of acrosomal status, fluorochromes detecting alt...